Threat of Lutheranism to the Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Danger of Lutheranism to the Catholic Church Essay The finish of the fifteenth century had left Christendom with a Church in incredible need of change. The Church had been incredibly debilitated by the occasions of the previous hardly any hundreds of years. The fourteenth century’s Great Famine and Black Death had battered the public’s trust in the Church, as had the Papal Schism traversing from 1378-1417. At the point when the thoughts of Martin Luther started to spread in the mid 1500s, the Church got apprehensive for its capacity, its notoriety, and its funds. Luther was promising individuals that they would be spared through their confidence aloneâ€what place did that leave for the Church and its lessons? In some other time in mankind's history, Luther’s thoughts likely would have been discreetly thumped and covered, however an exceptionally one of a kind situation permitted the thoughts of an unassuming community priest and educator to assume the tremendous intensity of the Catholic Church. While others’ thoughts could be disregarded, the Church was strongly compromised by Luther since his thoughts scrutinized the job and need of their effectively debilitated establishment, required a conclusion to extravagances, imperiled social strength, and uncovered the failings of the Church by coming back to the Bible as the main wellspring of God’s truth. 200 years before Luther went onto the Church’s radar, the Catholic Church was getting a charge out of incredible force and achievement. The Church heads employed significant effect on all issues in Christendom. Indeed, even the individuals who felt discontent with the Church were too reluctant to even think about rebeling against its request, dreading the loss of their salvation. The surrender all expectations regarding the Great Famine and Black Death, in any case, significantly destabilized the Church’s position. The individuals of Europe had put such a great amount of confidence in the Church, yet what would they be able to think when their ministers and priests demonstrated helpless to the plague, kicking the bucket in higher numbers than the ordinary citizens? Ought not the Pope, with his capacity presented by God, have the option to prevent this starvation and infection from attacking the mainland? Should God not spare His kin? The questions of the individuals cau sed the primary genuine murmurings of strict change, aggravated even by the Papal Schism. The break made individuals question the intensity of the Church, yet to ponder who was truly in control and from what source his position came. The shortcoming of the Church in the wake of the starvation and plague prompted the unmistakable quality of expected reformers in the late 1300s and mid 1400s. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus lectured the longing for the Church to come back to a humbler structure, one dispossessed of outrageous riches and magnificence. The two men hailed the significance of placing the Vulgate into the vernacular so the normal man could get it. In spite of the fact that the two of them lived numerous prior years Luther, their lessons caused extraordinary tension in the Church, and their activities served to lay the basis for the Protestant Reformation. Perhaps the best explanation the Church was at that point feeling so undermined and defenseless when Luther began lecturing was a direct result of the disclosures of Lorenzo Valla. Valla, an understudy of Petrarch’s humanist schools, had invested energy considering the Donation of Constantine, the record from the Emperor Constantine giving the Catholic Church authority over the whole Roman Empire. Subsequent to looking at the record, Valla arrived at the determination that it was a fabrication and, along these lines, totally voided. His exposition uncovering the fabrication was coursed for a long time lastly formally distributed in 1517. The Church, having utilizing the Donation of Constantine for a considerable length of time to approve its control over Christendom, straight dismissed Valla’s rationale. After the blows of the only remaining century, the fragile Church couldn't manage the cost of for individuals to begin scrutinizing its power. The mix of the impacts of the Great Famine, the Black Death, the lessons of Wycliffe and Hus, and the revelation of Valla left the Church in an entirely powerless position. At the point when Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses up on the entryway of a Wittenberg Church, the Church chiefs were justifiably undermined. The exact opposite thing they required were more assaults on their lessons and impact. By testing the individuals of Wittenberg to a discussion on his postulations, Luther made himself significantly to a greater degree a danger since he was driving the individuals to think. Individuals who had smugly followed church lessons for their entire lives were currently being advised to scrutinize the things they had underestimated. The Church had significantly more motivations to be compromised by Luther. The accessibility of the print machine as of now considered Luther and his companions to disperse his lessons all through the entirety of Germany. Once Luther’s thoughts had spread, the Church ran into considerably more issues with Luther. Luther wouldn't down from his thoughts, significantly after Pope Leo X sent a cardinal to prevail upon him. Notwithstanding their disappointment, the Church couldn't execute Luther in light of insurance from Friedrich the Wise, the leader of Luther’s area. Friedrich, very satisfied with the consideration that is going to his locale, won't hand over Luther to chapel specialists. The Church heads were constantly compromised by voices of contradiction against them, however could, under typical conditions, immediately put the dissident to death for blasphemy. Luther demonstrated an extraordinary danger in light of the fact that Friedrich’s assurance permitted him to stay safe and ready to compose and disperse his lessons. While the conditions prompting Luther’s ascend to conspicuousness had just put the Church on high alarm, it was likewise the substance of Luther’s lessons that caused them extraordinary frenzy. The foundation of Luther’s lessons was that â€Å"whoever has confidence will have everything† (Luther 13). He lectured that confidence in God was the main thing required for salvation. Luther’s lessons remained as an unmistakable difference to those of the Church, which accentuated services, guilty pleasures, and the seven Sacraments. The adherents of the Church had been informed that cash and acts of kindness could get them into paradise, just currently to be informed that â€Å"if a man were not initial a devotee and a Christian, every one of his works would add up to nothing and would be really insidious and awful sins† (Luther 39). If individuals somehow managed to accept that salvation were to just be increased through their very own confidence, at that point what job would the Church play? As indicated by Luther, they not, at this point required the Church to regulate the Sacraments, to intervene for their benefit, or to utilize guilty pleasures to liberate themselves and friends and family from Purgatory. The Church, for such a large number of hundreds of years in a place of political and strict position, couldn't represent these lessons, lessons that downgraded them to nothing. While the Church was significantly undermined by the impact of Luther’s thoughts on its own capacity, there was likewise worry for their impact on social strength. Right now period, governmental issues and religion were complicatedly connected. Political pioneers and church pioneers all originated from affluent families. High-positioning guardians had the option to pay church pioneers to make sure about their children a job, for example, priest or pope. Individuals who were conceived workers were laborers for their entire lives. The dependability of this framework was profoundly established in religion. Customary church lessons were required on the grounds that they â€Å"legitimized social chains of importance and political authority† (Diefendorf 4). To dodge discontent among the laborers and to hold their positions, Church pioneers encouraged that individuals were naturally introduced to the jobs that God wanted for them. Workers were intended to be laborers, and rulers were intended to be lords. Individuals were encouraged that attempting to change their station in life was much the same as opposing God and would clearly warrant unceasing perdition. At the point when Luther started showing the possibility of â€Å"justification by confidence alone,† it raised doubt about this framework. How might social portability relinquish salvation if confidence was every one of that was required to be spared? The lessons of Luther frightened every single political pioneer, not simply those associated with the Church, in view of the dread that these new thoughts would disturb the social request and their place inside it. Regardless of the frenzy of the strict and political pioneers, Luther’s thoughts kept on spreading all through Christendom, picking up supporters and pushing individuals from the Church. The Church would have had nothing to fear from Luther in the event that they had not wandered so distant from the Bible and its lessons. They saw Luther as the danger, yet his thoughts were to a great extent situated in their own bad behavior. The Church had gotten pompous, avaricious, and manipulative. In their craving to assemble amazing basilicas and hold onto political force, they became devoured by the â€Å"completely corrupted, miserable, and famous godlessness† that Luther distinguished (Luther 79). They were utilizing apprehension to rouse their devotees and had sunk so low as to sell salvation. I think the main motivation the Church was so frightful of Luther’s lessons was on the grounds that they detected how much truth they contained, and they realized that the everyday citizens detected it as well. The Church had decided to disregard its frailty and had begun composing rules in God’s place. They were off the mark, and Luther caused to notice it. I think the Church realized the amount they had wandered, realized they had meandered down a dim and malice way, yet felt they were excessively far-gone. The Church was an amazing element, and its pioneers realized they needed to continue being seen that way. They couldn't be viewed as feeble or ambivalent, or the everyday citizens would seize on that falling flat. At the point when Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses onto a Wittenberg church entryway in 1517, nobody could have anticipated the tremendous impact his thoughts would have. His thoughts were tossed into the world at the specific correct time and were heard by the specific right ears. His concept of â€Å"justification of confidence alone† was sufficient to energize an entire landmass, enough to incite

Us Involvement in World War I Essay Example for Free

Us Involvement in World War I Essay US Involvement The US began to engage in different nations during the Industrial Age, and we began utilizing colonialism, which lead to World War 1. During the Industrial age, we were centered around getting an ever increasing number of merchandise so we could run our processing plants. Exchange was significant during this time since we couldn’t offer enough products to the American open, so we exchanged them to different nations. At the point when the US understood they could simply assume control over another nation and make them exchange, this appeared to be much simpler. Dominion was halfway founded on, â€Å"My patio is my business. † Also known as, the Monroe teaching. We attacked Cuba, Puerto Rico, The Philippines, and we made an insurgency in Panama against Columbia, and that is the place we fabricated the Panama Canal so we could utilize it for as an exchanging course, and a two sea naval force. World War 1 was brought about by militarism, coalitions, government, and patriotism. The US entered World War 1 due to three things. The Russian Revolution undermined the US since we didn’t need them to drop out of the war. The sinking of the Lusitania was another reason on the grounds that not exclusively did a few Americans bite the dust, however we had products on the boat and in the event that we couldn’t exchange with Europe in light of the fact that the Germans were sinking our boats with U-pontoons, we wouldn’t have the option to run our processing plants since we had nobody to exchange with. What's more, last, yet not least, the Zimmerman message was given to us a month after it had been sent to Mexico. Germany was attempting to get Mexico associated with the war by letting them know whether they won they would have the option to get back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona on the off chance that they assaulted the US. We understood that we needed to make a move quick so we entered the war. These were times when the US needed to step out of their air pocket and see what was happening the opposite side of their fringes. The modern age, government, and world war 1 all made the US associated with somebody outside of America.

Tips on How to Write a Scholarship Essay

Tips on How to Write a Scholarship Essay Write the Best Essay for Scholarship People rarely consider writing an essay the chance to win money for studying while the sums we are talking about are big. And writing is the skill that you have to develop to succeed. You’re gaining these skills when practicing. So the more you try to write the better the essays will become. New ideas, arguments, appeals to the reader are all necessary not only for winning money but you will also use them in your future profession. There are strict rules that you have to follow to win the scholarship with the essay. If you decide to use your creativity and turn the college scholarship essay into an anecdote or something funny, you will definitely fail. You have to cope with the task and you need to show you can do it the best way possible. The judges compare the essays and pick up the best one. We’ll give you scholarship paper writing prompts below. How to write a good scholarship essay There’s one thing that can spoil your efforts and best intentions to compose a winning paper. It’s time. Yes, if you waste time and postpone completing your assignment, you are sure to fail. That’s why you should never postpone your work. Once you have the task or the question you need to answer, start working on it. What are the other tips on how to write a scholarship essay? Scroll down to see them. Read the instruction Too obvious? We’ll tell you No. Even if you create a real masterpiece and it will look like a painting by Picasso, you will fail if you don’t follow the rules. If you read the instruction once and you don’t understand what you should do, reread it. We recommend you print it out and underline essential points. If you have no scholarship essay format guidelines, it’s better to use the 12 Times New Roman Font with adequate margins on both sides. Mind your reader Try to find out as much as possible about your future judge. The more you know the higher chances you have in case you use the language and the style that this person prefers. Consider your future profession and the hobbies of the reader. Try to say you deserve the essay scholarship for college students more than others and you have to give reasons that the judges will love. Brainstorm the ideas Brilliant thoughts are waiting for the invitation from you to come in your mind. They don’t appear in your mind just in a moment. How to get inspiration? Take a pencil and a piece of paper. Write down the key words from the title and start thinking. Put everything that comes to your mind into paper, reread the list and write down more items. Your mind will provide many variants to choose from. Make an outline An outline is essential for writing a scholarship essay. It will give you a clear picture of how to get to the final point. The outline will make your writing easier and faster. Never underestimate it. What’s an outline? This is a kind of a plan where you not only list the points, but also add some notes. Tell your story It doesn’t mean you have to write the whole book for several people. And you shouldn’t turn your essay into a resume. It may seem a bit complicated, but the judges see hundreds or even thousands essays every year, so you should make them think you can prove you are the best among them. They want to know you better, why you want to get the scholarship. Proofread your essay And do this in a few days after you finish writing the text. Otherwise, your eyes and your mind won’t notice any misspelling or missing coma. How to format a scholarship essay? Your mind should be fresh when reviewing the text for stylistic or pragmatic mistakes. And after you end the proofreading, read the text aloud. Thanks to this you’ll be able to hear weird words or phrases in the text if there are any. Have your paper done If these tips and scholarship essay prompts are too challenging for you to implement, feel free to ask for assistance. Our experts with years of experience are ready to help you with any kind of writing issues. Just give the topic of the essay, name your instructions, and set the deadline. All the rest will be done for you. You will need to monitor the process. Or if it is too challenging for you as well, you can download a complete paper and read it before submitting it.

Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan in the Civil War

Porters Five Forces Of New Entrants - 1257 Words

Porters Five Forces Threat of New Entrants There are barriers to entry of new firms to the fast fashion industry such as economies of scale, product differentiation as new entrants could possibly sell a product for a low cost and resulting low quality. HM are in a position where they are at a medium threat as them being one of the biggest brand within the high street and fast fashion sector, they are in a secure position where new entrants wouldn’t be able to compete to HM as quick, this is evident as HM have a strong brand presence. Threat of Substitute Within the fashion market, there are many products being sold where their performance are at a much better quality and available to purchase for at an affordable price but then there†¦show more content†¦Power of Suppliers Power of the suppliers is relatively strong as they are able to sell high priced resources and materials for instance: the price on cotton has been increasing and with organic cotton, the price would be higher which puts the supplier at a strong powerful position or they can either sell low quality resources and material in which retailers would purchase as costs would be very low. They even have the power to drop out on contracts last minute if they feel like the price they are getting paid is low, this can affect the quality of the work. Furthermore, it can raises the question of supplying and production held in Britain. The production prices would increase but it would mean there are chances of employment. Suppliers are in great power over their employees, this is when ethics is involved as employee working for the suppliers would be giving out very low wages, disrespect to employees, in which can be covered up and ensure the brand doesn’t find out. However with the power of the internet, the world’s knows and as the brand is associated with them, it ruins the brands image. Rivalry With many competitors from across different sectors of the market, each are different and deliver their products differently to consumers. However this is potentially a high risk as different brands can easily see what a brand has done to make them different and then followShow MoreRelatedPorters Five Forces1711 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The five competitive forces that shape strategy Introduction The five competitve forces that shape strategy also know as Porter’s five forces was first pubilshed in 1979 in the Harvard Business Review by a young associate professor at the Harvard Business School, Michael E. Porter. This article started a revolution in the strategy field and has since than shaped a generation of academic research and business practise. Throughout the last thirty years Porter’s Five Forces Analysis has beenRead MorePorter s Five Forces Theory Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pageswithin an industry usually tough and it has its own pattern that could be difficult to understand by the new comer. Therefore, chances for new businesses to grow will be low if they are not analyzing the environment of the industry. One of the most common theory to analyzing forces of competition in an industry is Porter’s Five Forces theory. These five forces are consist of the threat of new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, the threat of substitute, and rivalry among existing competitorsRead MoreAutomotive Industry And Porter s Five Forces1368 Words   |  6 PagesPorter’s Five Forces Shawn D Schubach American Military University Abstract According to the AMA dictionary of Business and Management (2013), Porter’s Five Forces can be described as a â€Å"Framework developed by business professor Michael Porter for analyzing the balance of power within a particular industry and its profitability. The following are the five forces: Bargaining Power of Buyers, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, Competitive Rivalry in the Industry, Threat of New Entrants, and ThreatRead MoreHow Competitive Forces Shape Strategy856 Words   |  4 PagesMichael E. Porter, associate professor published the article titled â€Å"How Competitive Forces shape Strategy† in Harvard Business Review in 1979. This article is retitled as â€Å"The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy† and published in Harvard Business Review in 2008. Michael E. Porter developed the model of Five Competitive Forces which is defined as â€Å"Competitive Strategy – Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors†. It has become a main device for analyzing an organizations structureRead MorePorter Five Forces in the Robotics Industry1719 Words   |  7 PagesPorter’s Five Forces in the Robotics Industry Iryna Varniaga University of Maryland University College Fall 2013 Turnitin score: 25% Porter’s Five Forces in the Robotics Industry â€Å"Porter’s five forces†: Introduction. â€Å"Porter’s five forces† is widely applied in today’s business world. Harvard Professor Michael E. Porter’s first HBR article â€Å"How competitive forces shape strategy† was published in 1979. It became revolutionary in the field of strategy. Porter’s subsequent work has broughtRead MoreThe Five Forces Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Five Forces Framework and Competitive Strategy In this framework due to Michael Porter there are two high-level stages in the creation of competitive strategy, each stage corresponding to a high-level determinant of profitability mentioned in the previous section. The first stage is the assessment of the attractiveness of the industry in which a given company is embedded based on a structural analysis of the industry. In this stage, called the five forces framework, five forces that influenceRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Tesco And Tesco Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagessupermarket industry and make the comparison with Tesco and Asda on the strategic choices respectively. There will be four theories as the tools for analyzing in blew contexts which hope to compare the different situation from difference aspects. The Five Forces Model (1979) will used for the supermarket environment in analyzing the external environment of industry, The Value Chain Model (1985), The VRIN Model (1991) and The Blue Ocean Strategy (2005) will help for compa ring the competitive advantages ofRead MorePorter Five Forces Analysis1500 Words   |  6 PagesPorter five forces analysis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A graphical representation of Porters Five Forces Porter five forces analysis  is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It draws upon  industrial organization (IO) economics  to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a  market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An unattractive industry is one in which theRead MoreMichael Porter s Five Forces Of Competition For Starbucks1473 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Porter s Five Forces of Competition for Starbucks This Michael Porter s five force analysis of Starbucks coffee shows the intensity of the five strengths of the firm, and the bases of these powers. Starbucks coffee s prosperity shows its viability in tending to these outside elements in its industrial surroundings. However, this five forces investigation highlights current industry conditions that force present and developing concerns significant to Starbucks Coffee s business. FollowingRead MoreCompetitive Strategy : Techniques For Analyzing Industries And Competitors1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1980, Michael E. Porter, of Harvard University, wrote a book called Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The purpose of the book was to discuss his â€Å"Five Forces Model of Competition† and expose students and businesses alike to his ideas on policy and strategy (Porter, 1980). The external analysis of industry, competition, and the general external environment is based on Porter’s Five Forces Model of Competition. Industry/Competition Current Rivalry. Industry

Life in a High School Free Essays

Cliques are small groups of between two and twelve individuals. Cliques are small enough that the members feel that they know each other better than do people outside the clique. Members of a clique share common activities and friendships. We will write a custom essay sample on Life in a High School or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are social settings in which adolescents hang out, talk to each other, and form closer friendships. Groups of friends, called cliques can be important for social upgrading, but in most cases the enormous power and effects of these cliques can create alienation, exclusion, and destructive results. In my high school, as well as every other high school in America there are social groups of individuals, called cliques, that effect every individual whether they are an insider or an outsider. Generally there are the cool cliques, the athletic cliques, the freak clique, the skater clique, the smart clique, and the average clique. Almost everyone finds their place in one of these cliques, but there are always a few outsiders who go through high school never knowing where they belong. these are the people who are constantly ridiculed, picked on, and talked about day in and day out. The effects can be devastating, even deadly. In Littleton, Coloraldo two outcast teenagers came into school one day and began shooting, targeting the athletes and other students who had made their lives awful by ridiculing them constantly. Seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold stormed their suburban Denver school with guns and bombs last April 20, killing 12 students and a teacher before taking their own lives(Kenworthy 1). Augustana University education professor Larry Brendtro explained kids who feel powerless and rejected are capable of doing horrible things(Cohen 4). A high school student, Jason Sanchez understands why the two outsider snapped by saying If you go to school, and you dont have friends, it drives you to insanity(Cohen 4). So what do these lonely outcast kids do if they are rejected by everyone Roger Rosenblatt discusses in his article, Welcome to the Works of the Trench Coat, how kids will discover self-worth by hating an enemy(Rosenblatt 1). The kids of Columbine for example look alike; they conceal differences. People who are attracted to clans and cults seek to lose their individuality and discover power and pride in a group. As individuals, the killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were vulnerable, taunted by the other tribes in school– the cliques, the athletes– as geeks and nerds(Rosenblatt 1). The end result as a young girl involved in the murders reported was, He just put a gun to my head, and he started laughing and saying it was all because people were mean to him last year(Rosenblatt 1). The social warfare of cliques has no limits or boundaries; anything can and will happen. Columbine High School is only one example of how high school cliques can be damaging to teenagers. At Glen Ridge High School a group of jocks raped a retarded woman. In that attractive upper-middle-class New Jersey suburb, thirteen jocks were present in the basement where the young womans body was penetrated by a baseball bat and a broomstick. The country was sickened by the inhumanity of a bunch of guys who were among the most admired and envied young men in their community and high school (Lefkowitz 653). These star athletes were not even afraid of being punished. They told their friends and schoolmates of the incident not trying to hide it at all. Athletes are treated as kings of the school. This is not only true for the athletes, but for the cheerleaders too. In the article by Adam Cohen he says While others plod through high school, they glide: their exploits celebrated in the pep rallies and recorded in the school paper and trophy cases(Cohen 2). Another high school student Blake McConnell says that The jocks and the cheerleaders have the most clout, they get out of punishment — even with the police. Joe Blow has a wreck and has been drinking, and he gets the book thrown at him. The quarterback gets busted, and he gets a lighter sentence ( Cohen 2). How does this prepare the so called stars for the real world whenever they are just an average working man How does this make the normal and less special students feel What about the smart people, where is their recognition for all their hard work and success Cohen noted that assemblies to honor the best students rarely lasted twenty minutes. The school yearbook displayed ten photographs of the most mediocre football player. But the outstanding scholar was lucky to get one grainy photo ( Lefkowitz 654). This is leaving the impression on many teens that the jocks are superior while everyone else is below them. What kind of lasting impression will this leave on the kids Lefkowitz stated in her essay, I received hundreds of letters from people, some in their seventies and eighties, who recalled how excluded they felt when their schools anointed one group of guys as leaders(Lefkowitz 654). High school teaches us all many important lessons that stay with us all through our life, and sometimes the lessons inside the classroom are the least of it. High school is a chance for us all to invent ourselves. High school for me was the best of times, even though when I was still in school and someone told this to me I just thought they were crazy. My senior prom, the football games, the pep rallies, and even the trouble I got into are all memories that I will look back upon for the rest of my life and just think how great life was then. I guess though while I was caught up in all the fun and games of high school I never stopped and noticed all the people being left behind. The people who remember high school as pain and suffering. The outsiders that we all picked on not stopping to realize what we had cost them, the best years of their lives. How to cite Life in a High School, Essay examples

Sustainability in Educational Perspectives Process †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability in Educational Perspectives Process. Answer: Introduction Environmental education in school is a long process aiming to raise environmental awareness to the pupils who attend the classes. In todays world, all the schools must come forward with an intention to raise their concerns regarding this issue and aiming to fight for the sustenance of our mother earth. Environmental education stresses on the teaching of the environment by interdisciplinary and issue-solving approaches (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). This type of education has to start in the early developmental years of the pupils so that they can develop a concern for the nature from the childhood. It is a matter of fact that schools are the primary place, where the students need to get familiar with the environment at that stage of their lives. As at this level, they should look at this in a holistic view. The management of the educational institutions must look into the matter of global warming and should be concerned regarding this issue. In the year 2020, The Future Foundation School has rightly taken a huge step by building solar panels, building reservoir to save water and by building a huge garden with varieties of vegetables and fruits. It is a matter of fact that, in todays world, the resources are getting very limited and all the residents of earth must take initiative to preserve them. Since schools are the first society for the young population of this world, so the schools are the place where the pupils should be given the basic learning regarding, the environment and they must know how to preserve its natural resources (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). It is a matter of fact, due to rapid industrialization, the nature is getting victimized day-by-day and uncontrolled extraction of its natural resources is behind most of the natural disasters nowadays. Thus, it should be our duty to learn how to preserve and help Mother Nature to sustain from all the oddities. The reputed educational institution Future Foundation School has thus taken some innovative initiatives to contribute at least something for the aid of Mother Nature (Gadotti, 2016). Within the school compound, the management has build a giant garden where the pupils are trained how to plant trees and how to take care of them. In there, the pupils have displayed a great passion, they delightfully planted many trees producing various types of fruits, and they have successfully grown numerous types of vegetables in large quantity. The school owns a huge compound and the management is using every corner of the land in a productive way. There are two separate gardens, one for fruits and one exclusively for growing vegetables. The pupils of the school take great care of those plants, they sell those fruits and vegetables to the local people, and a huge fund for the benefits of the school is thus raised each year. The management of Future Foundation School has done a great job in building a team in the school and appointing a professional people for leading the team for the Environmental Sustenance Program of the school. ESP team is greatly popular among the pupils of the school (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). The school provides education to the students within the age group of 3 to 12 years old. This age group is the prime time for the kids to learn something about the nature and they would put in their best learning that whatever they have has come from the environment only (Eskay Oboegbulem, 2013). The leader of the team is a professional environmentalist and he has agreed to spare his valuable time for the school as he thinks the same way as the management of the school does. It is a matter of fact that Mr Kobaye is doing a great job with the pupils of the school. Future Foundation School is located at the centre of New South Wales and thus is in a prime location for the residents of t hat area to send their wards to this school for a complete childhood development program. The school has gained huge popularity within two to three years, as they had to expand their infrastructure after completing the second academic year of the school (Gadotti, 2016). Apart from the neighbouring residents, people from different cities send their children to this school who are particularly aware of their childrens overall awareness regarding environment. It is a matter of fact that in todays world, in 2020, due to rapid growth in industrialization, and increased usage of uranium to produce energy is decreasing the general life expectancy of human beings. In this scenario, the management of this school is showing great awareness to groom their students in a way that they will contribute something for the benefit of the environment. The management has built an unique reservoir where they can store excess water and rainwater (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). They recycle the water for many purposes, and along with that, they grow many fishes in several artificial ponds inside the school compound. The ESP team very carefully grows edible fishes there and they sell it in very low cost to the specific poor sellers, so that the sellers can benefit a bit more by selling them. the management of the school is contributing a lot for the society and for the environment by taking such initiatives (Gbenu, 2012). The director of the school, Mr Roger Sullivan stated that they strongly condemn the excess use of uranium to produce energy and thus they have installed huge solar panels on the roof. In this manner, they produce immense energy and out of that, they use only 40 to 50 percent energy and the rest of it they allow the local hospital and clinics to share. . On the other hand, under the leadership of Mr. Kobaye the pupils made a pool, and in that pool they use dynamo to produce electricity and the needed wave to let the fishes grow more (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). The management of the organization has taken these basic initiatives under the leadership of Mr Kobaye, a reputed environmentalist. It is a matter of fact, that these types of activities are very important in the year of 2020, and more institutions that are educational must come forward with the same intention (Eskay Oboegbulem, 2013). Three to twelve years is the most important years for the children to learn something and Future Foundation school is doing exactly what is expected. It is a fact that if these children grow a passion to save the environment, they would teach many individuals to do the same and some of them would teach some people the same (Adeolu, Enesi, Adeolu, 2014). In this manner, a greater awareness regarding environment can be seen within a few years. In this context the concept and execution of the concept done by the management of Future Foundation School under the leadership of Mr. Kobaye is commendable. It is seen that, Mr, Obaye is very popular among the students of the educational institution and his innovative and constructive ideas are very dear to the young students of the school. They look at those tasks playfully and it is a proven fact that all the ways that Mr. Kobaye has chosen, are rightly serving the purposes (Gadotti, 2016). Future Foundation School has set an example to all the educational institutions and is still raising the bars high continuously under the leadership of Mr Kobaye and they are becoming a matter of pride for the residents of New South Wales (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). The basic intention behind this huge project is to encourage an approach that takes some basic ideas and aadapts them according to the lo cal needs. There might be many traditional ways to do these kinds of works, but Mr. Kobaye found ways, so that the little responsible citizens find it interesting to do and grow a natural love for the Mother Nature. The pupils under the observation of Mr. Kobaye are managing a poultry farm and a small farm for goats and lambs (Gadotti, 2016). These chickens and animals are not used for commercial purposes, and there are many animals like guinepigs, rabbits and numerous types of birds under a huge enclosed area so that they can move freely. The birds are provided with a garden like enclosed area so that they can be in peace and the animals are kept in a scientific manner so that they face no issues there (Gbenu, 2012). It is a matter of fact that, Mr. Kobaye wants his students to spend at least a few hours on a daily basis very close to the mother nature in their these crucial constructive years of their lives (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). Environmental education Environmental education is something that simultaneously tries to raise awareness, develop knowledge and practices for the preservation and sustenance of Mother Nature from all the oddities (Gbenu, 2012). There are various types of ways to raise the general awareness regarding the environment, and those can be done by cognitive and affective behaviour modification. Environmental education can be seen as a process that helps to build skills and attitude much needed to understand and accept the relationship between mankind and environment or the biophysical world. Thus, it can be said that, all the programs related to environmental education are consist of the acquisition of knowledge and basic understanding and the development of skills (Eskay Oboegbulem, 2013). Thus, under the leadership of Mr. Kobaye, the pupils of Future Foundation School aims to investigate the components that made this biophysical world and try to consider some of its ways those can be adapted by human society f or the betterment of the society. In this manner, the pupils can explore the geographical and ecological components rather than cultural and social factors of day to day human life. It is a matter of fact that, the management of Future Foundation School has taken up oath to raise the awareness regarding environmental issues into the next level and they are doing it quite successfully (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). In the year of 2020, beside them there are no other educational institutions that have done anything distantly similar to their kind regarding this matter. The institution has thus earned a hue reputation within a couple of years after it was established as a commercial organization for educational purpose. In the current scenario of 2020, people needs to raise awareness among themselves for the sustenance of mother nature. People must understand that all we have came from the environment and it is the duty of the humankind to help Mother Nature to fight all the oddities and sustain (Adeolu, Enesi, Adeolu, 2014). Five pillars of education regarding sustenance of environment Learn to learn Obtain a taste for learning all the way through life To develop critical thinking Get hold of tools for understanding the world To understand the sustainability concepts and issues Education for Sustainable Development of nature Recognizes the evolving nature of the concept of sustainability Reflects the ever-growing needs of societies Acknowledges that satisfying local needs often has international effects and consequences (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012) Addresses the content, , global issues, context and local priorities Learning to be Knowledge See oneself as the main individual regarding defining the positive outcomes for the future Encourage discovery and experimentation for the pupils Obtain universally shared values Build up ones personality, self-fulfilment, self-knowledge and self-identity The pupils must be able to act with greater independence, judgment and personal responsibility regarding Education for Sustainable Development of environment in future Education built on the principles and values those underlie sustainable development (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015) Providing education that deals with the interests of all the realms of sustainability of environment This sort of education contributes greatly to an individuals complete development of mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality. Learning to live together Providing education that would help the pupils to participate and co-operate with others in increasingly pluralistic, multi-cultural societies This education helps to develop an understanding of other individuals and their histories, traditions, values, cultures and beliefs. This helps pupils to become tolerate, welcoming, respectful, embracing, and even being able to celebrate various differences and diversities in society This type of education allows pupils to respond constructively to the cultural diversities and economic differences found around the world Taught like this the students would be able to cope with situations of tension, exclusion, conflict, violence, and terrorism Education for Sustainable Development of environment These educations build civil capacity for the community-based decision-making, environmental stewardship, social tolerance, adaptable workforce and quality of the life The students must learn to be an actor as well as a thinker The pupils must understand and act on global and local sustainable development issues regarding environment The students must get hold of technical and professional training They must apply learned knowledge in day to day life They should be able to act creatively and responsibly in ones environment Education for Sustainable Development The education is locally germane and culturally suitable The education must become a concrete reality for all our daily decisions and activities This is about helping to build a sustainable and safe world for every individuals (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015) Learning to transform one self and society The students must work toward a gender neutral, non-discriminatory society They must develop the ability and determination to integrate the sustainable lifestyles for themselves and others The students should promote behaviours and practices that reduce the ecological footprint on the world around the humankind The pupils must be respectful of the Earth and life with all its diversities The learners must act to achieve the social solidarity They must encourage democracy in a society where peace prevails Education for Sustainable Development for the environment This type of education integrates the values innate in sustainable development into all the aspects of learning This encourages changes in behaviours to create a more viable society for everyone These learning teaches people to reflect essentially on their own communities Empowers people to assume responsibility for creating and enjoying a sustainable future It is seen how under the leadership of Mr. Kobaye, the pupils of the New Horizon School are working as a team for the sustenance program regarding the environment (Adeolu, Enesi, Adeolu, 2014). Mr. Kobaye has made 4 sub groups in his team and in each group there are more than 50 students in the age group of 3 to 14 and it is seen how they contribute in the environmental program of the educational institution (Gbenu, 2012). Mr. Kobaye named the groups by the names of the legendary people who have great contributions towards the development of mother earth (Okoza, Aluede Akpaida, 2012). He named the groups respectively by the names of John Muir, Rachel Carson, Edward Abbey and Aldo Leopold. The group members have a proper routine, and based on that routine they work in specific fields on a daily basis. They work either in a way that each day each group looks after the poultry farm, or after the vegetable garden or after the fruit garden or they look after the natural pond where they are growing fishes within the school compound (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). The students under the leadership of Mr. Kobaye grows vegetables, fruits, poultry products and fishes within the school compound and they also have installed a huge solar panel on the roof of the building and it is seen how they are doing great in recent times. It can be said that in the year of 2020, the activities where the management of the school is trying to engage their students is commendable. The activities under which the students are engaged, in the end these activities would be proved as the base of their learning regarding the Mother Nature. The age group of 3 to 14 is the most precious time for any child and if within this age they are taught to respect and love the nature that is saving us from all the oddities, that would be a great achievement for the mankind (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). It is a matter of fact that, the management of the school is doing a great job by engaging the students in the activities regarding the developmental work for the environment. Th e students are learning to grow plants, fishes and they are even learning how to pet birds and domestic animals (Eskay Oboegbulem, 2013). The students are learning not to waste the natural resources and rather to preserve them. Standing in the year of 2020, it is a sure thing that the pupils need to understand that, earth is not so rich with its natural resources anymore due to the uncontrolled extraction of the minerals and rapid industrialization has harmed the biosphere immensely. Thus at this point of time it will be better if all the people starts showing concern for the environment for the betterment of all (Adeolu, Enesi, Adeolu, 2014). The institution New Horizon School has already became an example nowadays and they are continuously making the bars higher for all other educational institutions. It is seen that the school has gained immense popularity in last couple of years and many business leaders are trying to come up with the innovative idea that the management of New Horizon School has came forward (Davis, Spaniol Somerset, 2015). The business leaders are considering to set up schools following the model of New Horizon School as a part of their Company Social Responsibility. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that New Horizon School is setting an example for all the educational institutions all over the world and the management stated in an interview that if any educational organization comes up with an idea of collaboration, they would not hesitate to join them or even to help them selflessly. The basic idea was to contribute to the sustenance program of the Mother Nature and they are not considering the monetary side by helping others. The management also stated that they started their journey not only to educate children in an academic way, but also to teach them how to take responsibility and how to become an individual who can contribute to the development and sustenance program for the environment. It is a matter of fact that nature gives us everything that we need to live and we do not return anything to nature and if we do that that is a very nominal effort. The management of the institution has earned a lot of reputation by contributing so much to the society and to the nature as well. The management makes it sure that each year the students plant at least 100 trees within the school compound and even outside the compound. They are strong endorsers of go green project and all they want is to see lush green vegetation all around the globe. The management of the institution has a clear goal and that is to make earth a liveable planet at least for a couple of millenniums more and they are trying to work really hard for that. The management has understood the fact that over usage of uranium is dangerous for the mankind and that needs to be stopped. The management thus encourages that the parents of the students of their school to install solar panels to generate electricity on their own and not to depend on the natural resources for energy. It is seen that thermal energy is not being produced nowadays for the lack of coals and usage of uranium to extract energy is a popular process nowadays and that immediately needs to stop. Th us in short, it can be said that, New Horizon School is giving in a lot of effort for the betterment of the environment and all the people needs to step in the shoes of what the management of New Horizon School has set till now for the betterment of Mother Nature and overall betterment of the humankind. References Adeolu, A. T., Enesi, D. O., Adeolu, M. O. (2014). Assessment of secondary school students knowledge, attitude and practice towards waste management in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology,3(5), 66-73. Afolabi, A. K., Abidoye, J. A., Afolabi, A. F. (2012). Effect of instructional media on the academic achievement of students in social studies in junior secondary schools.President's Message, 57. Apple, M. W. (2013).Teachers and texts: A political economy of class and gender relations in education. Routledge. Chawla, L. 1990 Ecstatic places. Children's environments quarterly 7(4) 18-24 Chawla L. 2007 childhood experiences associated with care for the natural world. Children, youth and environments 17(4), 144-170 Davis, J. N., Spaniol, M. R., Somerset, S. (2015). Sustenance and sustainability: maximizing the impact of school gardens on health outcomes.Public health nutrition,18(13), 2358-2367. Eskay, M., Oboegbulem, A. (2013). Designing Appropriate Curriculum for Special Education in Urban School in Nigeria: Implication for Administrators.Online Submission,3(4), 252-258. Gadotti, M. (2016). Education for sustainability-A critical contribution to the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Gbenu, J. P. (2012). State of Nigerian secondary education and the need for quality sustenance.Greener journal of educational research,2(1), 7-12. Harris, I. M., Morrison, M. L. (2012).Peace education. McFarland. Karrow, D. D., Fazio, X. (2015). Curricular Critique of an Environmental Education Policy: Implications for Practice.Brock Education: A Journal of Educational Research and Practice,24(2), 88-108. Kopnina, H., Meijers, F. (2014). Education for sustainable development (ESD) Exploring theoretical and practical challenges.International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,15(2), 188-207. Lowe, l. 2007 climate change and our children's future. Every child. Vol. 13, no. 1. Market, j. 2009 sharing earth Male, T., Palaiologou, I. (2012). Learning-centred leadership or pedagogical leadership? An alternative approach to leadership in education contexts.International Journal of Leadership in Education,15(1), 107-118. McBeath, G. A., McBeath, J. H., Qing, T., Yu, H. (2014).Environmental education in China. Edward Elgar Publishing. Meek, D. (2015). Taking research with its roots: restructuring schools in the Brazilian landless workers' movement upon the principles of a political ecology of education.Journal of Political Ecology,22(0), 1-19. Ndwapi, G., Mosothwane, M. (2012). Training pre-service teachers in environmental education: the case of colleges of education in Botswana. Okoza, J., Aluede, O., Akpaida, J. E. A. (2012). Secondary school students perception of environmental variables influencing academic performance in Edo state, Nigeria.Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology,9(2), 84-94. Songqwaru, N. Z. (2012). Supporting environment and sustainability knowledge in the Grade 10 Life Sciences curriculum and assessment policy context: A case study of the Fundisa for Change teacher education and development programme pilot project.Unpublished masters thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Stone, m., barlow, z. 2005 ecological literacy educating our children for a sustainable world Warren, K., Roberts, N. S., Breunig, M., Alvarez, M. A. T. G. (2014). Social justice in outdoor experiential education: A state of knowledge review.Journal of Experiential Education,37(1), 89-103. Williams, D., Brown, J. (2013).Learning gardens and sustainability education: Bringing life to schools and schools to life. Routledge.

role of non-governmental organizations in assuring an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

What is the role of non-governmental organizations in assuring the health of the public The current condition of the World is not very good. Though the World has advanced technologically but with every aspect and development there is a negative impact also. This negative impact has taken the World in to some serious problems. Including these problems are the conditions of the third world countries and the countries that are going through the state of war. These countries have no where to turn for help and need to be provided help in these worse conditions where so many lives are at stake. To help the people of these countries some organizations have been formed by the civilians present in different parts of the world belonging to developed or developing countries (Ahmed and Potter, 2006). Need essay sample on "What is the role of non-governmental organizations in assuring the health of the public" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed These organizations basically known as Non Government Organizations or NGOs have been working very hard to improve the health conditions of people that are living in the areas where living standards are lower than standards in which an average human can survive. One of the most famous NGO operating around the globe that has contributed the most in improving health conditions of the people in problems is The Red Cross. The Red Cross has contributed very much during the war against terrorism in helping innocent people of Afghanistan and Iraq. Apart from these efforts The Red Cross is also helping out Palestinians that have been the target of a severe long war going on between Israel and Palestine. All these efforts and hard work has helped save lives of many innocent humans that have no association with the wars that have been going around the World (Bebbington, Hickey and Mitlin, 2008). Bibliography Ahmed S., Potter D. (2006) NGOs in International Politics, Kumarian Press Bebbington A., Hickey S., Mitlin D. C. (2008) Can NGOs Make a Difference?: The Challenge of Development Alternatives, Zed Books

buy custom Philip Dick essay

buy custom Philip Dick essay Introduction Philip Dick is a renowned author whose work has received a lot of appraisal from people of different walks. He is known for a number of speculations especially the presentation in The Man in the High Castle and the Valis. To Philip, in order to manipulate man and understand what he real wants, you must know the things that will affect him most, with this, the people shall always be at your mercies, The basic tool for the manipulation of reality is the manipulation of words. If you can control the meaning of words, you can control the people who must use the words (Dick 82). It is blatant clear that Philip was so much interested with the reality of things; he considered reality to be of much significance compared to a persons position or stand. With reality, things that are hidden and in the dark shall be brought to light. Understanding how important reality is and attaching this importance to people can act as a weapon, a weapon that may prove to be more destructive and fatal. Similarly, Philip is quoted saying that the most important matters in life should not be solved at night, Don't try to solve serious matters in the middle of the night. In trying to comprehend the works of Philip Dick, it is of essence to try to grapple his unique state of emotion and the unique interpretations that he has assigned to the same. Most of the works that he dealt with can be regarded to be as unique as they can be thought to be. It is not surprising that by the time Philip was dying in 1982, he could not tell of the origin of most of the works or what they meant. When Philip died, he left behind a eight thousand paged Exegesis that constituted a million worded document that consisted of a continued dialogue with himself that he held late at night. Philip is said not to have been able to solve the mystery behind the puzzle to the point of his satisfaction, it is believed that he enjoyed the pursuit for the answer much more than he would have enjoyed finding the solution to the mystery. How Philip K Dick Uses Landscape or Physical Details To Make Meaning Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away. Mainstream science has described reality as the actual state of things as they exist in the real sense. This can be simply put to refer to all the things as they exist in their real state when they are observed. As it can be denoted, the human brain exists in two specific portions that are divided into right and left. This are further categorized as the right and the left brain. To Philip, the roles and agendas that are attached to these distinct brains are very specific and different. However, for the brain to function, it is a must for the two half human brains to communicate and act as one through the corpus callosum. According to Dick, the right side brain is entirely owed with the role of dealing with the present, the things that are taking place right now and here (Dick 177). It carries out its functions through the use of pictures and its learning is through the kinesthetic body movement. Energy is absorbed from our surroundings and translated into information for the sensory systems. There is no difference that exists between individual consciousness and the world around us. There is only one universal energy field that is seen by the right brain, this is the field of awareness. Philip. Dick believes that despite the fact that we can not be able to correlate effectively with the world, the things in our surroundings will not have to change. Our ability to know that they exist and they are material will remain even when the brain, our brains can not be bale to transmit this information to our sensory nerves. On the other hand, Philips definition of the left brain is so different from the rest. This side of the brain thinks methodically and linearly. There are countless details that are picked up by it especially regarding past events and through it; calculations are made thus being able to predict the future. The left hemisphere of the brain is believed to think in language form, through this, an internal voice is made possible. Importantly, the left hemisphere leads to the creation of awareness of our existence. This awareness makes us know that we are very distinct and different from what the right brain perceives. Philip Dick makes it possible for us to know and distinguish between what is false and real, he makes it possible to distinguish between what is part of us and what is not part of our bodies. Philip is said to have suffered several setbacks before coming up with the reality experience. For instance, he was suffering from stress as a result of his son and wife, he had problems with drugs, break in that is not explained among many more set backs. In addition his role in politics played another major part in influencing his life. Giving me a new idea is like handing a cretin a loaded gun, but I do thank you anyhow, bang, bang. Philip Dick suffered a number of depressions during his life time. Due to these thoughts, he almost turned suicidal more than once in his life (Dick 181). More significantly, Philip suffered a lot of severe pain when one of his wisdom teeth was removed. On a certain day, we are presented with Philip who is mesmerized by the fist that was dangling between the delivery girls breasts. When Philip asks what the fish is for, she tells him that it is a representation of the ICHTHYS; this is a Greek ter that refers to fish. The fish was used by ancient primitive Christian believes. In relation, the ICHTHYS is an acronym that refers to "Iesous CHristos, THeou Yios, Soter". This when translated to English stands for Jesus Christ, Son Of God and the Savior. As it is later unfolded, Philip and the girl were all Christians thought they were hiding from the Roman persecutors. The fish was used as a symbol of identification among the people who were Christians. The fish was considered as a harmless pendant to many peoples eyes although it meant a lot. The girl does not only bring medicine to heal Philips ailing tooth, but she also brings with her medicine, medicine that can be termed to as spiritual. The tooth in Freudian terminology can be considered as libido symbol. This is not necessarily the sexual libido. When Philip keeps dreaming about his loss, we are presented with the loss that a person can incur especially when one stands on your way either mentally, physically or emotionally. To Philip, his tooth was regarded to as a Gynopsis, it was still waiting for a proper stimulus for his anamnesis to be triggered. Libido can be also illustrated by the sleek phalliform fish. The shape of the fish makes it possible for it to glide silently in the unconscious minds of the deep waters. It is Christ who strengthens the Christians libido, he is the energy needed and the psyche that is very important. Christ does all these for those who believe in him and asks for nothing in return. I think that, like in my writing, reality is always a soap bubble, Silly Putty thing anyway. In the universe people are in, people put their hands through the walls, and it turns out they're living in anot her century entirely. ... I often have the feeling and it doesshow up in my books that this is all just a stage. Can any of us fix anything? No. None of us can do that. We're specialized. Each one of us has his own line, his own work. I understand my work, you understand yours(Dick 102). The society that man lives in is structured and equipped with a mechanism that forces people tom adapt to the conditions of live there. As the world keeps on evolving, people with skills and experience in a number of areas with be regarded as the indispensable assets that will lead the world forward. This thus means that specialization will be greatly valued. Anything that is outside a persons expertise will seem to be very complex, this is why no one can do everything and fix anything. According to Philip, he is categorical when saying that not everybody is capable to deal with all kinds of situations. Things according to Philip are so different and by this different approaches are required to deal with them. However, people with skills and specialization are regarded highly to fix a number of things that may be regarded to be spoilt. This is an implication that for anything to work efficiently and as it may be assumed, expertise is needed. Philip is said to have seen the soviets scientists in one of his dreams trying to mange and keep an alien satellite functioning. This to Philip was a way through which different experts were planning on attacking the peace of the world and bringing it crumbling down on its knees,with the complexity. "I want to write about people I love, and put them into a fictional world spun out of my own mind, not the world we actually have, because the world we actually have does not meet my standards" this is a quote that Phillip K Dick used after he released the novel Flow My Tears, the policeman said. In his works, he tries so much to bring real life experiences in his work of fiction making it unique and only to his own standards. This is one of the books that the fusion of nature with fiction can be seen as extrapolated by Dick. It portrays an imaginary future of the United States and he uses the past experiences of the United States to project the future, sometimes in satirical manner like suggesting that a sterilization law was put in place to control the population of the United States and most importantly for African Americans in America. The reason why this statement so much fits the argument he presents in the book is that he is so well acquainted with the character of his book and more so with their daily activities. Unlike many writers who were showing the effects that the racial disparity in the United States had so directly, he uses his work in form of a fictitious form that shows this disparity and the aid of a Whiteman to a black man. Apparently, there was so much difference in the interrelation of races in the United States at the time but what the book was projecting is that one day black men and white men would interact with ease. What a way to present something that would be guided by nature and which to you is only a projection of imagination than to use fiction (Dick 7). This was so creative of him but unlike makers of science fiction stories he made it that all things about nature taking its course are manifested in the work of literature. "In my writing I even question the universe; I wonder out loud if it is real, and I wonder out loud if all of us are real." These are words from the man who referred to himself as the philosopher of fictionalization. According to his books, A Scanner Darkly and Valis, one cannot help but to notice how dedicated the man was to simple things in life that had great impacts in life. These two books were mainly based on the daily activities of youngsters in America and concentrated mainly on what nature had to offer to the youths; that are in foorm of drugs. It therefore implies that Phillip was not only a writer but a strict and focused one whose aim was to glorify Mother Nature and advocating what was right for nature. A scanner darkly shows life in a fictionalized way but presents exactly what happens in the normal daily life of real people in the United States and even in other parts of the world. As he personally pointed out, "Everything in A Scanner Darkly I actually saw. This indicates that although the book was fictionalized, Philip Dick knew exactly what he was addressing in his book because not only was he familiar with the effects of the misuse of nature in drug abuse but he was personally a pusher at one time in his life and had even been in correctional facility in several instances (Dick, A Scanner Darkly 204). Substance D is presented in the book as coming from a types of plant with blue flowers, a creation beauty and which was on several occasions was used by addicts, he also shows the effects of these drugs when he pointed out that Bruce had been considered a walking shell of a man by his handlers. Apparently, the use of drugs was supposed to be so bad that a man suffering from drug abuse withdrawal or cessation, not to mention those who had already developed dependence were in so bad situations health wise that even medical practitioners loose hope of ever gettin g the men back in shape again. "The grasshopper shall be a burden" is a phrase that triggered Dick into writing his novel, the man on a high castle which shows the lives of Americans and the totalitarian government at the time and following the assassination of President Franklin Roosevelt. The whole novel is a fiction story that revolves around the governance of the United States and political atmosphere of the countries that surrounded America or were allies of America. Note that he indicates many aspects of nature that took course after a successful assassination of the head of the United States. Unfortunately, the life was too harsh for the people in the United States that the author conjures up an image that suggests that the president did not even die but was still the leader. This is a kind of fiction that he uses to draw the reader to the possibility of a reincarnation that was affecting the United States of America. Note that when we refer to nature, it may be even the intangible elements brought about by a certain situation in nature that have the propensity of causing some unwanted effects or changing the course of nature of the life of an individual. 'When a thing has history in it, listen. One of those two Zippo lighters was in Franklin D. Roosevelt's pocket when he was assassinated. And one wasn't. One has historicity, a hell of a lot of it, as much as any object ever had and one has nothing.... You can't tell which is which. There's no "mystical plasmic presence", no "aura" around it (Dick, The Man in the High Castle pp 65). This quote was used by dick to show the thinking and the reasoning of the elite class of the America and those of Britain which was at the time headed by winston churchil. All this have been put not only symblolically, satirical but also in a fictional manner that depicts that political atmosphere of the nation was not only dependent on the fear of people of their leadership but also the totalitarianism of the ruling class. It would be a great injustice for anybody denying that phillip Dick was not a man in love with nature and a man who knew exactly how nature affected the daily activities of the people o f america. Conclusion Literature is art and therefore demands that an individual becomes creative in designing how to present their information in the book. As has been indicated throughout the discussion, Phillip K Dick was a great author who presented all his views in a fictional setting which ranged from politics to simple things about lifestyle and most importantly his contribution in his last books in drug abuse. In as much as he was creative by presenting his experiences, as most of the books were personal accounts, through fictionalization to a point that he considered himself as fictionalization philosopher, he went ahead to forge an introduction of natures landscape and physical details in order to enhance the effectiveness of his presentation as well as assist an individual in the interpretation of the different works of literature. Note that in the world of art, in which literature dwells, the message is not presented in such a straight forward manner that the reader makes out the meaning immed iately but rather a reader is expected to decipher the meaning of the text from deep mental evaluation, what is commonly referred to as reading between the lines. As this is the case, in most of the books by Phillip, symbolism has been greatly used in the literature not only in a bid to fictionalization but also in an effort to present harmony in nature. Sometimes the landscape is presented to show the status of the people in which he is referring to. for instance in the rehabilitation center in the book A Scanner Darkly, he uses it to show the economic activities taking place there as well as the need for the drugs that had driven the members of the correctional facility to plant the plants that were a source of the drugs. All in all, it is true and in fact, quite right to conclude that the man was a master, not only of literature but also of presenting the facts of nature in his fictional creation of real life experiences showing different disparities among people not with words but with creation of imagery using what is physical and normal in the universe. Buy custom Philip Dick essay

Music Tastes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music Tastes - Assignment Example Did the musicians seem well prepared for the concert?)   ***Compare the pieces from this performance with other compositions you have studied in class, noting similarities and differences. (Note: In selecting a composition from class, you may want to look for a piece by the same composer, from the same style period, or of the same genre as the piece(s) from the performance.)   ***Describe the behavior of the performers and the audience. What, if any, interaction occurred between the two? What kind of behavioral expectations do performers and audiences bring to the concert? How are these expectations satisfied or frustrated?   On October 15, I attended a concert by the NDR Symphony Orchestra of Hamburg at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. The performance consisted of only two pieces, yet both were met with enthusiastic applause and praise. †¨Ã‚   The first piece performed was the Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35, by Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, with the violinist Midori as the featured soloist. The piece was divided into three movements, the first being Allegro moderato. The Concerto opened with the orchestra playing a crescendo until the appearance of the soloist, who presented the principal themes. From this point, the texture varied between the monophony of the solo violin and the homophony heard from the full orchestra. The melody introduced by the violin was then repeated in various instruments with large contrasts in dynamics and tempo, although the predominating tempo was allegro. When the solo violin returned it was accompanied by the other violins playing a background of staccato notes. The high point of the first movement occurred when the solo violin produced an extremely high pitch in pianissimo and slowed down to a static pace, demonstrating her ability on the instrument. This movement ended with the entire orches tra playing fortissimo with a strong beat.  

Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Corrections - Essay Example If these cares are not provided, their rights have been trampled and their physical or mental needs will be worsened. One of such special offender population is offenders with substance abuse problems. With this population, a specialized program that was instituted in New York to cater for their special provision was the Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison Program (DTAP). The idea behind the program was to offer â€Å"treatment as a response to drug crime rather than punishment† (Criminal and Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council, 2006). In this context therefore, offenders in the prison population are given treatment towards their drug abuse or addiction. Consequently, they are expected to shy away from drug and issues of drug after their terms of prison expire. Since its inception, the program has recorded a lot success with large number of these special offenders, being diverted to community-based drug treatment due to their rate of progress in the treatment program. All in all, the rate of prisoners who successfully complete their treatment has been given as sixty-one percent, which is a very impressive score (Young,

Biological Sciences Task Cells Biology Essay

Biological Sciences Task Cells Biology Essay Cells are grouped to form tissues, and each of them has specialised role. Our body develops from a cell known as the zygote that is the consequences of the fusion of the female ovum (egg cell) and the spermatozoon of the male (germ cell). Single cells are very tiny and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Cell types are distinguished by their dye (colouring) and by their shape and size. Cells consist of plasma membrane within which is number of organelles. Nucleus: it is a small electron particles composed of ribosomal RNA. The nucleus contains our bodys genetic substance that is in the form of large molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). There are dozens of DNA molecules called chromosomes. The molecule of DNA is a series of nucleotide molecules known as proteins, and are connected by phosphate-sugar molecules. The nucleotide molecules contain one of the following materials known as bases: adenine (A), thiamine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). The bases are in set pattern; an in one chain is matching with T in the other and G with C. In this order of arrangement, each chain is complementary to the other. Every cell has the total match of genes needed to synthesise all the proteins, but majority of cells merely synthesise proteins that are suitable for their functions. It means enzymes can only be produced if the controlling gene is present, and when gene is missing, the linked enzyme is missing and there will be no chemical change. The RNA is responsible for the transfer of information from DNA to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesised. Genetic information passes from DNA to RNA encouraging protein synthesis. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990). Cell membrane: it is the most important organelle; it holds and keeps the cell intact. Cell membrane is moveable, and it moves along narrow passage. It is made up of phospholipids bilayers (two molecule layers), and has hydrophilic heads which are soluble in water and hydrophobic tails which are not soluble in water. The head has lipid molecules and a phosphate group (PO4) at the end. The apex and underneath layers of the membrane have stems that are facing each other. It also has proteins of which some are with carbohydrate. The cell membrane has 4 major functions, which are to maintain homeostasis, control the materials that can go in and out of the cell, and hold the cell together. (Cdli.ca, 2010) Cytoplasm: it is the basic substance that fills the cell, a fluid jelly-like substance that is eight percent (8%) water and typically plain in colour. Cytoplasm is also called cytosol (cell substance). It is found within the cell membrane and surrounds the nuclear cover and the cytoplasmic organelles. It is a substance that is made up of molecules and in which all the cells organelles are suspended and held as one by a fatty membrane. Cytoplasm can only be seen through an electron microscope, and it comes into view as a three dimensional lattice protein rich strands called microtrabecular lattice (MTL). It interconnects and holds other hard (solid) structure in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm helps to move substances and it changes shape as it moves. (sln.fi.edu, 2010). Task 1.2 Explain the structure and function of the main cellular organelles. Nucleus: they are small electron particles that have ribosomal RNA. The RNA is responsible for the transfer of information from DNA to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesised. Genetic information passes from DNA to RNA encouraging protein synthesis. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990). Cell membrane: it is a sphere-shaped structure, and it is rich in ribosomal RNA and protein. It surrounds the contents of the cell and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell. (HUMAN BODY, 2001). Mitochondria: it contains varieties of organelles, e.g, mitochondria and lysosomes. They are found in the cytoplasm and sometimes referred to as the power house of the cell. It produces a material known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which carries energy in all cells. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990), (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Endoplasmic reticulum: it contains DNA and synthesises specialised proteins, e.g., muscle protein and steroid hormones, and it is linked with detoxification (process of removing a toxic substance) of some drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum is dotted with ribosomes, which consist of RNA. It helps to transport substances through the cell. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990), (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Nucleolus: a tiny structure that is inside the nucleus. It permits the transportation of water-soluble molecules across the nucleus. Golgi complex: a heap of compressed sacs. It receive and process protein, the proteins are made to order and then released at the cell membrane. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Lysosomes: potent enzymes; they mortify dangerous substances that is in the cell, and also dispose of other unwanted materials and weary organelles. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Ribosome: they are tiny granular structure, and they play major role in the gathering of proteins. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Nuclear pores: a membrane bound vesicle; plays a part in cellular digestive system. Task 1.3 Describe the role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic substance from which chromosomes in cells nucleus are formed, and it controls protein synthesis and inheritance (transmission of genetically controlled characteristics). Protein synthesis begins when the DNA coils provisionally relax at exact points. In the nucleus a doubled strand of DNA temporarily partly untwists. Transcription, which is the copying of the nucleus bases on one strand of DNA, begins to happen. Free bases match with those on DNA; adenine joins with thymine, guanine with cytosine, uracil substitutes thymine and joins with adenine. Forming a strand of messenger RNA. A completed strand of messenger RNA separates from the DNA, which twists back into place. The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus carrying the code for a protein into the cytoplasm. The messenger RNA with its series of codons (units of three nucleotides) for amino acids, attaches to a ribosome and translation starts. Translation, the sequencing of amino acids happens when free tRNA with its anticodon (units of three nucleotides) from the cytoplasm matches up and links to mRNA. When second tRNA joins, a peptide bond links the two amino acids at the ends of tRNA together, starting a peptide chain. The first tRNA separates leaving its amino acid behind. The ribosome moves along the mRNA reading the code. A third tRNA joins and the next amino acid is connected by another peptide bond. The synthesis continues until a stop or termination codon completes the process and the assembled polypeptide or protein is released. (HUMAN BODY, 2001). Task 2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane. Image of Cell membrane (lamp.tu, 2010). Cell membrane consists of a bilayer (two layers of molecules) of phospholipid (head and two tails) that is surrounded with mobile proteins. The phosphate head of phospholipid is hydrophilic, and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. The membrane structure depends on fatty acids molecules (lipids) in other to spread on the water surface. It is only one end of the lipid molecule that is attracted by water and the whole hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic. The molecules form a monomolecular film on the water surface and scatter as very small droplets (drop of liquid). Fatty acids are able to support a double lipid bilayer when it is paired. Fatty acids in membranes are paired as phospholipids and glycolipids, joining saturated and unsaturated chains. Phospholipids are plentiful in membranes and glycerol, and are usually at the main structure. The fatty acid membrane is the storage place of the cell, it protects its content from dispersing casually, and it also permits control of the internal environment. Two lipid layers adhere to one another, in a double membrane, while it exposes water-soluble heads. Lipid molecules are free to glide in their layer. Common polar groups are ethanolamine, serine and choline. Sphingolipids are phospholipids with serine, their saturated hydrocarbon tails are usually longer and straighter than other membrane lipids, and it allows them cluster into rafts, which floats inside the membrane. Glycolipids are restricted to the external layer of the cell membrane. They are constructed like phospholipids, but the serine substitutes glycerol. Polar sugar chains might extend outside from the glycolipid molecules. Cholesterol straightens membranes by reducing fluidity of lipid. Rafts in particular, are rich in cholesterol. Tiny molecules that are soluble in oils, easily pass through the lipid bilayer, and they are O2 (oxygen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide). The lipid bilayers present a solid barrier to ions and other small molecules. The larger molecules do not have any chance of passing through lipid bilayers. The larger molecules are H+ (hydrogen), Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Mg+ (magnesium), Ca+ (calcium), Cl+ (chlorine) and H2O (water). Membrane proteins has major role in determining what goes in and out of the cell. They detect and bind specified molecules, and then move them through the membrane barrier. About a half of the membrane has protein chains, the amount might be less in nerve cells because the membranes are rich in complex fatty acids. About a third of the cells genetic substance (DNA) codes for membrane proteins show their importance to the cell. Proteins are strings of amino acids, known as polypeptides. They fold into molecular sculptures (three dimensions), which they need in other to perform task that depend on their exact shapes and properties. Some proteins are at one side of the membrane while others go all the way through. Transmembrane protein channels transport specific molecules across the membrane. Majority of transmembrane protein have helical sections with other portions that are exposed on whichever side of the membrane. Helical section might come together to form tunnels. The helices cre ate a wave of contraction that moves ions from one side of the membrane to the other. Tiny ions, like potassium, calcium and sodium vigorously conduct across membranes by ATP-powered pumps. Some protein tunnels depend on gate to control the passive (inactive) flow of water and other polar molecules through the membrane bilayer. Protein chains might cross as beta sheet basket- like channels and allow larger molecules to pass. Protein chains might fasten in an electricity static state inside on leaflet, of the membrane, leaving the active domains to protrude (stick out) from the membrane. Long sugar chains (oligossacharides) attach to the external surface of the membrane proteins and glycolipids to form the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx declare the cells identity to the exterior. Membrane can overwhelm substances from the exterior. Endocytosis (membrane navigation) encloses large objects and drag them into the cell. Other viruses use their own membrane which can combine with the cell mem brane. (John Kyrk, 2010). Task 2.2 Explain the differences between osmosis, diffusion, active transport and bulk transport. Cells move water molecules, food particles, and other substances through the membranes. Things like water pass through easily, and others have to be moved through the channels. Solute; is a substance that dissolve in solvent to formulate solution, and solvent is a substance in which solute is dissolve to make a solution. Example is saltwater, in which salt is the solute, and water is the solvent. Diffusion is the mixing of two substances by random motion of molecules. Molecules move from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration. When the molecules spread out equally, diffusion stops, because there is no longer a concentration of gradient (steepness). Concentration gradient, is the difference between the concentration of molecule in one area and the concentration of molecule in an adjacent (beside) area. The system has reached its equilibrium, when the concentration of solute is the same throughout a system. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable (allows some types of things pass through) membrane. Water moves across membrane from a region of high concentration of water, to an area of low concentration of water. Facilitated diffusion is a movement of particles and diffusion across the cell membranes with the help of proteins in the membranes. Particles move down the concentration gradient going from high concentration to low concentration. Facilitated diffusion increases the rate of particles that cross the cell membrane. (biologymad.com, 2010) The process of diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, does not need any energy to be used by the cell. The three processes are known as passive transport. The processes by which the cell uses energy to move particles across the membrane, is known as active transport. The cell movement of things from low concentration, to high concentration, is known as active transport, because it needs energy to do so. The cell uses active transport to keep the right balance of sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell. This balance is vital for muscle contraction, nutrient absorption, and nerve pulse transmission. Bulk transport is for the movement large particles in and out of the cell. During bulk transport, large particles move across cell membrane packed in membrane-bound sacs. Bulk transport is of two types; exocytosis and endocytosis. Exocytosis is to move from inside the cell, to outside the cell. Wastes and cell products are packaged by the Golgi body in sacs known as Golgi vesicles. The vesicles combine with the cell membrane and materials are secreted outside the cell. Endocytosis are materials brought into the cell. Part of the cell membrane surrounds a particle that is outside the cell. The cell pinches a part of its outer membrane to form a new vesicle. When the vesicle is within the cell, it can combine with other organelles or release its contents into cytoplasm. There are two types of endocytosis; the pinocytosis and the phagocytosis. Pinocytosis is when a cell membrane surrounds a droplet of fluid and bring into the cell. Phagocytosis is when a cell engulfs (overwhelm) a solid substance and bring into the cell. Phagocytosis engulfs (surrounds and swallow) and destroys bacteria and other invaders of the body. Hypertonic solution; the concentration of solutes is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, example is potatoes in salt water, water left the cells (diffuses out) and the potatoes became flexible. Hypotonic solution; solutes concentration is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Water diffuses into the cell, an example, is potatoes in distilled water, the water came into the cells, making the cell to swell and the potatoes becomes rigid Isotonic solution; the concentration of solutes equals the concentration of solutes within the cell. (biologymad.com, 2010) Task 2.3 Give examples of materials exchanged by different methods with a justification in each case. Diffusion: is a very slow process, materials exchanged, are gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. The lungs have high concentration of oxygen (O2) in the air sacs (alveoli), and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood of pulmonary capillaries. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a low concentration in the alveoli, and a high concentration in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air. (maexamhelp, 2010). Osmosis: it is where the cells lining the small intestine, absorb water. The exchanged material is salt. Cells take in salts and become more salty, and then water follows the salts into the cell. This process also takes place in kidneys because of its large demand of water. (maexamhelp, 2010) Active transport: nerves and muscle cells have sodium pump. Sodium ions (Na+) continually diffuse into the cell area of smaller concentration. Incoming sodium ions (Na+) are returned outside by the sodium pump. The nerve and muscle cells continually produce ATP to keep their sodium pump working. Another example is the assimilation of glucose and amino acids by the cells. The cells assimilate nutrients from digested food by the use of ATP. (maexamhelp, 2010). Filtration: blood pressure is formed by the pumping of the heart. Blood pressure force plasma and dissolve materials through the capillary membranes into the surrounding tissue spaces. This facilitates the creation of more tissue fluid and is also how cells get glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients. (Maexamhelp, 2010). Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis: cells that are stationary (immobile) receive small molecules that are attached to their membranes. The cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb small proteins by pinocytosis. (maexamhelp, 2010). Task 3.1 Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis and explain when each occurs. Mitosis and Meiosis are both cells that have tricky division processes. Duplication of DNA occurs in both of them. The difference between mitosis and meiosis is well understood only if we know what the two cell division processes are, and they are as follows: Mitosis is a cell division process that involves eukaryotic cell dividing the chromosomes in two identical set of two daughter nuclei inside its cell nucleus. This is followed by cytokinesis that equally divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane, into two daughter cells. Both mitosis and cytokinesis come together and form the mitotic (M) stage of the cell cycle. This series of events are divided into different stages known as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Mitosis happens in different ways and in different species (types). Animals, for example, go through an open mitosis process which involves the breaking down of the nuclear envelope before the chromosomes separate, and the fungi and yeast go through a close mitosis process in which the chromosomes divide inside an intact cell (undamaged cell) nucleus. (buzzle.com, 2010) Meiosis is a reduction division process that halves the number of chromosomes per cell. The DNA in the original cell is duplicated during S-phase of the cell cycle, before it starts. Meiosis separates the identical chromosomes into four haploid (a single set of unpaired chromosomes) gametes. If gametes are produced, the cells will fuse (combine) during fertilisation to produce a new diploid cell (two matched chromosomes sets). Meiosis go through fertilisation in plants. The different stages of meiosis are meiosis l, prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telophase l and ll. Meiosis is needed for sexual reproduction, it occurs in all eukaryotes that reproduce sexually. It does not occur in archaea because they reproduce asexually (no fusion of male and female sex cells gametes). (buzzle.com, 2010) The differences between mitosis and meiosis are as follows: No. Mitosis Meiosis 1 Takes place inside somatic cells. Takes place inside gamete cells. 2 A single division of the mother cell results in two daughter cells. Two divisions of the mother cell results in four meiotic haploid gametes. 3 A mitotic mother cell can either be haploid or diploid. A meiotic mother cell always diploid. 4 The number of chromosomes per nucleus remains the same after division. The meiotic products contain haploid (n) number of chromosomes in contrast to the (2n) number of chromosomes in mother cell. 5 It is preceded by a S-phase in which the amount of DNA is duplicated. In meiosis, only meiosis is preceded by an S-phase. 6 In mitosis, there is no pairing of homologous (similar) chromosomes. During prophase l, complete pairing of all homologous chromosomes take place. 7 There is no exchange of DNA between chromosomes. There is at least one DNA exchange per homologous pair of chromosomes. 8 The centromeres (region joining two parts of chromosome) split during anaphase. The centromeres do separate during anaphase ll, but not during anaphase l. 9 The genotype type of the daughter cells is identical to that of the mother cells. Meiotic products differ in their genotype from the mother cell. 10 After mitosis, each daughter cell has exactly the same DNA strands. After meiosis, each daughter cell has only half of DNA strands. (buzzle.com, 2010) Task 4.1 Explain the need for cellular specialisation in multi-cellular organism. Each human cell has different shape and size that depend on their specialised function. Speed of cells division varies; it is very fast mostly in epithelial cells, and continually replaces itself. However, it is slow or non-existent in a structural complex cell. Specialised cells are: Epithelial cells: they are from the skin, and cover most organ and line hollow cavities. Photoreceptor cell: is a type of light-sensitive cell that is found in the retina of the eye. They are activated by bright light and are responsible for colour perception (interpreting information from senses). (Integrated body, 2010) Red blood cell: a bag of oxygen-carrying haemoglobin molecules. Its biconcave shape allow for maximum oxygen absorption. (Integrated body, 2010) Adipose (fat) cell: its main cells, adipocytes, are bulky (large) and are jam-packed with droplets of lipids (fats), which store energy in case the diet cannot meet requirements. (Integrated body, 2010) Smooth muscle cell: this large, elongated (extended), spindle-shaped cells of smooth muscle are called muscle fibres. Its shape allow for contraction by means of sliding strands of protein within. (Integrated body, 2010) Nerve cell: every cell consist of configuration of short extensions known as dendrites, which is to receive nerve signals, and also has a long wire called axon, which is to send signals to other cells. (Integrated body, 2010) Sperm (egg) cell: every sperm has a head that transport the paternal (fatherly) set of genetic substances. It has a whip-like tail that propels it towards the egg. (Integrated body, 2010) Ovum (egg) cell: they are giant cells and contain the maternal (motherly) complement of genetic material, and energy resources for the first cell divisions that shape early embryo. (Integrated body, 2010) Task 4.2 Describe major tissue types and their functions. Tissues are groups of similar cells that carry out a common function. There are four groups of tissues in our body. They are epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve. Major tissue types and functions, are as follows: (Integrated body, 20100 Areola: a loose connective tissue, half-solid, allows food to pass through, inside has two other connective tissue types. They are yellow elastic and white fibrous with fibrocytes and mast cells that manufacture histamine a protective inflammation and heparin an anti-coagulant. They are mostly found in the body, connecting and supporting other tissues, such as between muscles and supporting blood vessels and nerves. They function as connection and support to other tissues. Adipose: these are fat cells that have fat globules. They are located between muscle fibres, under skin, around kidneys and at back of eyes. Their function is to protect, insulate and act as food reserve. Lymphoid: half (semi) solid tissue, some white fibres, lots of cells, of which majority are lymphocytes and reticular cells. They are found in lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, tonsils, appendix, walls, of large intestine and glands of small intestine. They function to form lymphatic system cells and blood cells. Lymphocytes and reticular cells function to control disease. Yellow elastic: this is elastic fibres, and very few cells. They are located in the lung tissue, bronchi and trachea, arteries, stomach, bladder and other stretchy or recoiling organs. They function as tissue enabling great expansion and recoil (shrink back). White fibrous: it is a strongly connective tissue, but not elastic. They are mostly closely packed bundles of collagen fibres. The fibres run in same direction. They form ligaments and periosteum (material making up bones) of bone. They form outer protection of organs, for example, protection of kidneys, brain and muscle fascia. Their function is connection and protection. Bone: it is the hardest structure of the body. It is compact outside and cancellous (not solid) inside. It has 25% water, 30% organic substance, and 45% inorganic salts. It is found in the skeleton. As compact, it functions as dense for strength, support and protection. And as cancellous, it functions as structure bearing and cellular development. Blood: is a fluid connective tissue, it has forty five percent cells, and fifty five percent plasma. It circulates inside cardio vascular system, and cells in cell production location. Its function is to transport food and oxygen to all cells and removal of waste from them. It also fights infection and clot blood. Cartilage: it is firm, tough, solid tissue. It has cells known as chondrocytes, and is of three types. Hyaline; is a blue and white smooth chondrocyte cells grouped together in a solid matrix (medium) and mainly resilient (hard-wearing). It covers parts of bone that form joints. The costal cartilages, parts of larynx, trachea and bronchi. Its role is connection and protection. Yellow elastic cartilage; these are fibres running (flowing) through a solid matrix. It contains fibrocytes and chondrocytes between multi-directional fibres. They are found in the pinna, the external cartilage of the ear, epiglottis, flap which prevents food and liquid entering trachea. It is flexible function. White fibrocartilage; white fibres packed with dense masses (lump). They are tough, a bit flexible, and contain chondrocytes. It is located in intervertebral discs, semi-lunar cartilages, and hip and shoulder sockets. Its function is to absorb shock. Task 4.3 Analyse body systems and assess the interdependence of their functions. The body systems are group of parts that are connected. They include organs and tissues that work together to perform particular functions. The system has separate processes inside the body, and each is dependent on the others. They work together as efficient functioning supportive system. Skeletal system: this is the skeleton, it a solid framework that is moveable and supportive of the body. It is where the rest of the body is built. The bone has a role in the other body systems. It is where white and red blood cells grow to build up a fatty tissue called red marrow. Its essential minerals, such as calcium, are stored in the bone, and to be released when there is shortage. Muscular system: it consist about half of the bodys bulkiness. It works with the skeleton, and its voluntary muscles allow the body to be exact in movements. The involuntary muscles, that comprise the heart muscle and the smooth muscle, are meant to provide the essential power (force) for the working (functioning) of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and the digestive systems. Nervous system: this is the brain, and it is the site of both consciousness and creativity. The brain, through the nerves of the spinal cord and the system of nerves that branch to all other parts of the body, controls all body movement. It also communicates with the endocrine glands and influences the functions of the other body system. Endocrine system: this is the hormones and chemicals that act (take action) on specified tissues, and then affect the bodys interior balance. It is secreted by endocrine glands and other organs. It flows in the blood and other body fluids, and also starts the changes that take place during puberty. Cardiovascular system: its most basic function is pumping blood around the body. It supplies all organs and tissues with oxygenated nutrient blood. It can get use to changes in demand quickly. Waste products are removed during blood circulation. Lymphatic system: it provides very important protection from infectious disease and also prevents malfunctioning of the internal tissues. (JK, 2010) Respiratory system: it is made up of the nose (nasal cavities), which filter inward bound air. Also consists of the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the lungs and the air sacs. It is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Digestive system: the work of the digestive system is to reduce large and complex substances to water soluble so that the cell can use them. The process is both physical and chemical. The digestive system is of two parts; the alimentary canal (mouth, anus, throat, oesophagus, stomach), and the small and large intestines. Urinary system: its excretory organs get rid of liquid wastes. The nephrons filter the blood and remove unwanted substances as wastes, and return necessary substances and fluids to the blood. The expelling of urine waste is started by the voluntary relaxing of the sphincter. In the female, the urethra empties in the area between the clitoris and the vagina opening. And in the male, urethra, which is about twenty centimetres long, runs through the penis. Male reproductive system: it is where sperm are produced and contained in the scrotum. The sperm and its fluid are known as semen. The semen is ejaculated into the urethra and penis, and from there, into the females vagina. Female reproductive system: it is about seven to ten centimetres long, receives the sperm from the male. The sperm must reach the uterus. The cilia assist the sperm as they swim up towards the egg. A fertilised egg is formed if a sperm enters the egg, and it is called zygote. The zygote passes through the uterus and becomes attached to its lining. The cells increases and develop into fetus (unborn offspring). (Human Anatomy, 1982). Homeostasis: all of the human bodys systems work together to maintain equilibrium, two of the body systems are very important for the maintenance of homeostasis. They are the nervous and endocrine systems.